Routine monitoring for pre-eclampsia during pregnancy

As part of ‘routine antenatal care’, pregnant women are offered regular checks and tests at their appointments with doctors and/or midwives. Checking a pregnant woman’s blood pressure, urine and blood is part of this ‘standard’ medical care. Picking up pre-eclampsia can be a case of trying to piece together a ‘jigsaw’ of signs and symptoms which can change over time. These jigsaw pieces might include high blood pressure readings or results from testing for protein in the urine.

Some women we talked to were offered extra monitoring because they had possible ‘risk factors’ for pre-eclampsia. Extra monitoring often meant being seen more frequently than the standard ‘routine’ antenatal appointments and being seen by different health professionals instead of, or in addition to, the ‘standard’ antenatal care team of GPs and/or midwives. Ruth X had ‘consultant care’ with her second baby because she had developed gestational diabetes and had pre-eclampsia in her first pregnancy. Because Philippa had pre-eclampsia in her first pregnancy, she saw her midwife fortnightly and had regular appointments with a consultant during her second. This extra care made her feel ‘really well looked after’ and ‘added to me being calmer’. However, not all women found the extra monitoring helpful.

Ruth X had extra monitoring from 28 weeks into her first pregnancy through a specialist maternity care unit.

Age at interview 42

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 42

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Abigail was classed as having a high risk’s pregnancy and was seen by a consultant for her antenatal care, but didn’st find this very helpful.

Age at interview 40

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 40

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Protein in urine

Samples of urine are regularly checked for protein (proteinuria). Normally, when the kidneys are working well, protein is filtered out of the blood. Pre-eclampsia can cause damage to the kidneys which make them less effective at removing the protein, although there can be other causes too for leaking protein into the urine.

Testing for proteinuria involves using a dipstick to test the urine, which changes colour depending on the result. If the dipstick shows there is protein in the urine, then more detailed tests may be carried out. Other tests can give more detailed information, for example by indicating how much proteinuria is present. Proteinuria was sometimes measured as a single positive number: 1+, 2+, 3+ or 4+ based on ranges of grams of protein in the urine.

Emma gave a urine sample when she was first admitted to hospital. The nurse asked for a second sample to check the results, which showed proteinuria.

Age at interview 38

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 34

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Blood tests

Blood tests were often taken at antenatal appointments. There are lots of different tests that can be run on blood samples, including one to check the platelet count. Platelets are important because they help the blood to clot and to stop bleeding. Low levels of platelets mean that the woman is at risk of serious bleeding. The results of a platelet count were usually given as a number in the thousands per microliter of blood.

Some women remembered having blood tests taken. Lyndsey was admitted to hospital with high blood pressure and protein in her urine, but she doesn’t remember it being explained why low platelets levels in her blood would be an important result. Paige remembered having lots of blood tests, her arms were full of bruises ‘where they were just sticking stuff in, pulling blood out’.

Michael thought that his wife’s doctors wanted to deliver their baby by caesarean section quite quickly but there were some delays waiting on blood results.

Age at interview 32

Gender Male

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Blood pressure

Blood pressure measures the strength that blood is moved around a person’s body through their arteries. Blood pressure is usually measured using a monitor connected to an arm cuff which automatically inflates or by a trained health professional using equipment such as a hand pump and stethoscope. Blood pressure is recorded in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) and readings are made up of two numbers: systolic pressure (the pressure when blood is being pushed out by the heart) and diastolic pressure (the pressure when the heart rests between beats). For example, if a person’s systolic pressure was 120mmHg and their diastolic pressure was 80mmHg then their blood pressure reading would be 120/80.

Blood pressure often changes during pregnancy. Usually, blood pressure goes down for the first couple of months and then, around the half-way point (about 4-5 months), blood pressure tends to rise again back up to similar pre-pregnancy levels. However, for some, blood pressure doesn’t follow this pattern. Instead, their blood pressure may rise up higher than is ‘normal’ or earlier on in their pregnancies. This can indicate a high blood pressure problem, such as pregnancy-induced hypertension or pre-eclampsia. Regular checks track how a woman’s blood pressure is changing and pick up signs of what may be happening or likely to happen later on in her pregnancy.

Dr Khan describes the normal changes to a woman’s blood pressure during pregnancy. Monitoring blood pressure and tracking differences in the readings are important.

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‘Extra’ monitoring at medical appointments

Some women showed early signs that they might develop high blood pressure problems in pregnancy. Their doctors usually offered extra monitoring to keep an eye on it. At her booking appointment at 10 weeks, Samantha Y was told she had high blood pressure. She saw a doctor or midwife every two weeks so it could be monitored closely. However, others didn’t feel they were monitored enough. Tracey felt that ‘you’re left to your own devices’.

Aileen talked about the extra care and monitoring she received in her pregnancy when there were signs she might be developing blood pressure problems.

Age at interview 40

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 35

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If a pregnant woman is worried something might be wrong, she can ask her doctors and/or midwives to do extra checks. Symptoms to look out for include rising blood pressure, headaches and swelling. Kat was taking part in the BuMP study; she was pregnant with twins and contacted her midwife when some of her self-monitored blood pressure readings were high. The midwife ran some tests to rule out any problems and Kat said this was ‘really good reassurance’.

However, some women felt they had been dismissed by health professionals. Their message to other pregnant women was to be assertive and determined in asking for medical help. Munirah said, ‘go to your doctor and don’t take ‘no’ for an answer’. If it turns out that everything is fine, then the test results can be reassuring; if a problem is found, doctors can take steps sooner to make the pregnancy safer.

Olivia noticed that her blood pressure was rising when it was checked at routine antenatal appointments. She felt these readings in combination with her other symptoms should have been acted on sooner.

Age at interview 32

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 28

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Helen X had high blood pressure at a routine antenatal appointment. She wasn’st worried about it at first and her GP agreed to let her test it again a few hours later. She was admitted to hospital for more tests when her blood pressure remained high.

Age at interview 31

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 31

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High blood pressure problems can still continue several weeks after birth. So blood pressure is checked at postnatal appointments. Some women had felt unwell and either contacted a health professional or mentioned it at a check-up appointment for their baby.

Vicki had high blood pressure a few days after giving birth and returning home with her baby.

Age at interview 36

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 36

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Symptoms and signs of pre-eclampsia

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