What is alopecia? A medical overview
Alopecia is the general name for a number of hair loss conditions. As such, the main symptom is hair falling out and/or not re-growing. One...
Alopecia is a broad term for hair loss. There are a number of sub-types of alopecia and most of the people we talked to had alopecia areata, including totalis and universalis. It can affect different areas where hair can grow (scalp, face, body). This section is about the signs and symptoms of alopecia, such as bald areas, losing hair and regrowth.
For many of the young people we talked to, their alopecia started with a patch that was quite small and not very noticeable. Sometimes it was pointed out to them by other people, including hairdressers. Lots of people had asked friends, family or work colleagues to check for them, especially if the patch was on their scalp and they couldn’t see it easily. Rochelle was shocked when she felt the bare skin on her scalp. It was sometimes possible to cover small patches on the scalp by styling the rest of their hair, but not as easy for those with short haircuts or patches on their hairline. While some people said they weren’t too worried about the first small patch or patches, others were upset and felt panicked. This was usually the point when they booked a GP appointment or were referred to a dermatologist (skin specialist). Both GPs and dermatologists can diagnose the symptoms as alopecia.
The extent of alopecia (how much hair has fallen out) varies and links to the different subtypes. Some said their hair loss involved one small patch about the size of a 1p coin which regrew after a few weeks or months. Others developed more patches which sometimes joined up into bigger bald areas over time. Annie X’s first patch continued to grow bigger and more patches developed. People sometimes compared the severity of their alopecia to that of others, including those they met through support groups.
Having large bald patches or entire areas of bare skin can have practical issues. Danny has to use lots of sunscreen on his scalp and face to stop his skin from getting burnt. His cheekbones sometimes get burnt as he doesn’t have much eyebrow hair or eyelashes to give shade. Lots of people said they sometimes wore hats because their head gets cold, especially in winter. Hannah found it “weird to get used to the breeze”. At the same time, those who wore wigs and hats found they could become too hot, sweaty and itchy.
Lots of people pointed out that losing some hair loss is normal but that in alopecia the amount of hair falling out is greater. Some people knew when they were losing hair because they saw a lot of it loose (in strands or clumps) when they woke up in the morning, on their pillow, clothes and carpet, or when they showered. This was especially noticeable for those with long and dark hair. Emma used to worry that people would think she was “really dirty” because she had hairs on her clothes. At the time, Krista thought some itchiness on her scalp was eczema but now thinks it may have been where the hair was falling out. Some people talked about exclamation mark hairs as a sign of alopecia areata. Laurel explained that exclamation mark hairs are when the hairs are narrower in width near the base than further down.
Hair loss can be rapid, as for Imogen whose scalp hair completely fell out over two weeks when she was 7. Others hadn’t noticed losing more hair than usual and only realised something was different when they felt or saw a bald patch. Rochelle says her hair loss was gradual and “very slow”. Finding a bald patch made some people more aware of seeing their hairs loose and Ben thinks he “really noticed it because I was looking out for it.”
Some said the process of losing hair was more upsetting than the baldness because seeing the loose hair was a constant reminder of alopecia. Ben said it was “the feeling of being out of control which hurts the most.” For this reason, some decided to cut their hair shorter or shave it off. Imogen found it easier to shave her scalp and wear wigs because she had “more bald patches on my head than I have patches of hair.”
Regrowth is when a bald patch or area starts to grow new hair. Lots of the people we talked to had experienced regrowth, but not everyone had. Danny was born without hair and, although he now has some eyebrows and eyelashes, he’s never had hair on his scalp. Beth’s been fully bald for six years and sometimes wonders why her hair hasn’t regrown when it has for other people. Although she had already thought her hair wouldn’t regrow after so many years, Emilie appreciated when a doctor was honest that her hair probably wouldn’t grow back.
People talked about different kinds of regrowth hair. Some said their regrowth hair started out lighter and finer than ‘normal hair’, like ‘peach fuzz’ or ‘baby hair’. Others had darker and more defined hair growing back. Emma said her hair regrew dark brown whereas her original colour was “gingery auburn”. Some found their skin itchy when the hair was regrowing. Regrowth was usually uneven and the hairs sometimes grew in different directions out of the follicles. Elizabeth’s hairdresser suggested she get a “whacky haircut” to include the different lengths of her regrowing hair, but she says she’s not comfortable with this. Hair growth could happen quite quickly, as for Krista, or slower. Annie X’s hair was drier and coarser when it grew back the first time, but the next regrowth was strong and shiny. Krista said her hair grew back white or grey, “bristly” and curlier than it had been before.
The reasons for regrowth were often unclear. Sometimes people thought it was due to treatments working (like steroid creams or injections) or a trigger changing (such as being less stressed or having a ‘healthier’ diet). Most of the time, people said they didn’t really know why their hair had started to regrow (or why it had started falling out in the first place). Emilie says she often gets some light regrowth on the sides of her head in summer, which she puts down to the warm weather. Elizabeth used a steroid cream on her bald patches when she was younger and had regrowth but doesn’t agree with her doctors that this was due to the treatment.
It could be exciting when regrowth happened. However, sometimes the hairs fall out again at a later date or, as for Meghan and Elizabeth, hair might regrow in one part but fall out from another area at the same time. Emily and Becky described regrowth as “unpredictable”. Hannah found her regrowth hair came out as soon as she stopped having steroid injections. For this reason, a few people said they weren’t too hopeful about hair regrowth. Emma says she would prefer her alopecia areata be “stable”, rather than a cycle of hair regrowth and then falling out again.
Rapid changes, such as going from having hair to bald patches or no hair and then regrowth, could be overwhelming. For Krista, it was “a rollercoaster of emotions within four or five months that I sort of went from having hair to having a little bit of hair to then having to wear a wig and having no hair underneath to then having hair again… that many emotions just hit you.”
For some people, there were a few other symptoms related to their alopecia. A couple of people said their bald patches were sometimes inflamed (swollen, redder) and sore. Emma has eczema and finds it tends to flare-up at the same times when her hair falls out. Laurel finds alopecia affects her nails, making them dented and dimpled. Danny’s mum remembers he had flaky nails when he was born but says they are now strong.
Alopecia is the general name for a number of hair loss conditions. As such, the main symptom is hair falling out and/or not re-growing. One...
After finding a patch or noticing a lot of hair falling out, some of the young people we talked to and their parents booked an...