Making decisions about labour, induction and birth

Pre-eclampsia or HELLP syndrome can affect how long a pregnancy lasts and decisions about labour and birth. These decisions depend on lots of factors, such as when the condition starts and how severe it becomes. The impact varied greatly for those people we spoke to; sometimes the mother was very ill and her baby needed delivering prematurely, other times the condition was controlled and it had little impact on the progress of her pregnancy.

For women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia or HELLP syndrome, doctors usually explained that the only way to stop the condition getting more serious was to deliver the baby and the placenta connecting mother and baby. This often meant cutting the pregnancy short if it looked like the pregnant woman or her unborn baby were becoming extremely unwell. Kate had HELLP syndrome and initially thought she would have to put up with her severe epigastric pain until her due date, before she realised her baby would be born early. Kay’s consultant was very direct about the fact that, in an emergency situation, she would need a caesarean or otherwise ‘you could die’.

The situation changed quickly for Samantha X she went from expecting to stay in hospital for many weeks to being told she would need a caesarean section very soon.

Age at interview 32

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 31

View profile

Betty had to sign forms consenting to her caesarean section, but she also felt there were no alternatives and that she was not in the best frame of mind to process information.

Age at interview 38

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 37

View profile

Dr Khan explains that doctors and midwives must balance different risks and benefits when advising women with pre-eclampsia about birth.

Gender Male

View profile

Balancing risks

For some women, serious problems with pre-eclampsia or HELLP syndrome meant that babies born prematurely could be very unwell and unable to survive at such a young age. As Kay explained, having pre-eclampsia from 25 weeks into her pregnancy meant lots of extra risks for her baby compared to if she had developed it in the last few weeks before the due date. Some women met with a paediatrician or neonatologist who helped explain the impact and long-term prospects for babies born early. Women said this was really important to help them and their partners know more about what lay ahead – although, as Josie said, ‘nothing really prepares you’ for the real thing.

But, having pre-eclampsia does not mean that a woman will definitely have her baby early or that the baby will be very poorly. Some women we spoke to had reached full term (9 months [40 weeks]) and a few had been overdue.

When women are ill, decisions have to be made about how long it is safe to keep a pregnancy going. This can be a balance between, firstly, giving the unborn baby more time to grow and, secondly, delivering the baby before the health problems become very dangerous and potentially fatal for both mother and baby. Of the women we talked to who had been in this situation, they were usually already staying in the hospital and being monitored for signs of a shift in this balance. Julie gave birth at 41 weeks and thought the situation might have escalated less if she had been induced earlier.

Sarah describes her feelings when she realised her baby would be born at 7 months (33 weeks).

Age at interview 37

Gender Female

View profile

Josie thought there was a balance of risks in the run-up to her caesarean section. She had recently had an injection to prevent clotting, which meant delaying the operation.

Age at interview 45

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 39

View profile

For Kay, seeing the neonatal unit helped her come to terms with the situation. It was still a huge shock but she also found it reassuring that there was an incubator and neonatal nurses ready to look after her baby.

Age at interview 42

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 38

View profile

The best course of action was not always obvious and there might need to be discussion about benefits, risks and preferences between the different people involved (e.g. between pregnant women and their doctors and/or midwives, and amongst individual medical professionals). The ideal situation is when decisions about the best course of action are made in partnership and, ultimately, the woman must agree to any plan about when and how she gives birth to her baby. Some women we spoke to felt this was the case, but others felt their experiences highlighted room for improvement.

Deciding factors in birth choices

Some women were induced and some others had a caesarean section as soon as it was decided their baby needed to be born. A few women we spoke to had naturally gone into labour. These decisions could be prompted by signs that the pregnancy was becoming very dangerous for mother and baby – the mother might have extremely high blood pressure or blood tests results showing a serious problem (e.g. very ‘off’ platelets for Paige and Helen X indicating risks of serious bleeding; severe liver problems for Tracey and Emma). Claire was induced when she started to feel very unwell, but then given a caesarean section when her condition deteriorated with an irregular heartbeat, blood poisoning and fluid on her lungs: ‘there was just a million and one things that they were just like ‘right, we’re not happy”. How the illness might develop varies widely. So doctors advised women about when it would be best to deliver their baby at very different stages. While Mairi reached 39 weeks, Aileen in her second pregnancy had her baby at the end of 30 weeks.

It was often signs that their unborn baby was struggling (sometimes called fetal distress) which led to a decision that a caesarean section would be the safest course of action. Some of the women found out that their high blood pressure had caused the placenta to detach from the uterine wall (placental abruption). As Betty’s doctors explained, this is serious: ‘if they don’t get the baby out quickly enough there won’t be enough oxygen’.

Tracey was frightened when the decision was suddenly made that she needed a caesarean section. She had a general anaesthetic and so she was asleep for the operation.

Age at interview 39

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 29

View profile

Limited choices and reconciling expectations with reality

Their illness often meant women felt they lost control over birth options; this could be disappointing and frightening. While women had different preferences about the kind of birth they wanted (some had hoped for a vaginal delivery, including options such as water birth, and others had wanted a caesarean section), pre-eclampsia often meant that the reality of birth ended up being very different to what they had hoped for. Julie ‘was hoping for a natural water birth. I thought it was just going to all beautiful and lovely’. Mairi remembered asking her consultant if a water birth would be possible: ‘he looked at me in horror and said that there was no way I was going anywhere else other than a bed, and I remember thinking, ‘It’s a bit unfair,’ but now I realise why’.

Lots of women said they had tried to keep an open mind about birth options, knowing that things may not go to plan. Aileen was happy to go with ‘whatever is best for my baby and for myself’. Betty’s preference had always been for a caesarean so she wasn’t ‘fazed’ when she was told it would be. One consideration for some women was that a caesarean operation would mean that they could not drive for six weeks afterwards.

Dominie didn’st want to have a caesarean section as she knew she wouldn’st be able to drive for six weeks after the operation and this would make visiting her baby in hospital difficult. She opted for an induction and had a vaginal birth.

Age at interview 25

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 24

View profile

Hanna wanted the expert advice of the consultant she saw when she was first admitted to hospital. It was also helpful to talk to her mum about the options available.

Age at interview 39

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 37

View profile

You can read more about women’s actual experiences of labour, induction and birth here.

Emergency experiences with pre-eclampsia

Not everyone we interviewed had emergency experiences. It was often possible to manage pre-eclampsia with medication, and the condition did not become more dangerous. However,...

Experiences of labour, induction and birth

Because pre-eclampsia can be very dangerous, women's birth options were sometimes limited for those we interviewed. Many had caesareans sections - either as an emergency...