Experiences of Infection control measures

Hygiene and sterility are always important on an ICU (Intensive Care Unit) to keep patients, staff and visitors safe. Staff routinely work with rigorous infection control measures; in particular to prevent hospital-related transmissions such as MRSA or Norovirus. With Covid-19 (Covid), an airborne viral infection, the implementation of additional infection control practices was key.

On this page patients talk about their experiences of infection control measures.

  • Staff in personal protective equipment (PPE) added to patients’ confusion
  • The visitor ban and absence of loved ones left patients lonely and isolated
  • Both is likely to have made delirium worse.

Covid patients were admitted to separate wards to minimise the risk of infection for others, ensuring that care for non-Covid patients could continue. However, for Covid patients this meant that all the patients around them were fighting the same viral infection. When people we spoke to saw other people decline, they sometimes related this to how they themselves were doing; they were deeply affected by seeing others deteriorate (read more on this under Uncertain survival).

Experiences of staff wearing personal protective equipment (PPE)

Covid-19 infection control measures changed the environment in which patients were cared in as well as what staff were wearing.

In the first wave in the spring of 2020 it was unknown how infectious Covid was or exactly how it spread. Clinical staff put up all sorts of makeshift barriers between patients and between patients and staff. Paul was in a ward surrounded by plastic sheeting, like a tent, with sealed zips to reduce the spread of infection. He remembered the sounds of the zips being undone hundreds of times a day.

Paul vividly remembered the sound of the zips of the makeshift tunnel to prevent the spreading of the virus.

So, you said you were in your own room, so you weren’t in any contact with other patients.

No. I had…in ICU in a coma, I must have been in a room myself. There were plastic sheets that they had to open before a person could come in, and it was all sanitised. Really clean. And then I got moved to somewhere else that just had partitions between the other patients, but I don’t know how many patients were there. I’ve no idea. Then I got moved somewhere else as I steadily got better, I came out of the serious ward or whatever, and then when I got moved to a ward, I had a room to myself again. I think it was to contain infection and things like that, and all the nurses came in, washed their hands, sanitised, had gloves on, masks on all the time. Everything was really clean.

Do you know whether at that time they had any other Covid patients?

I would have thought they did, aye. Because there was a makeshift tunnel, I remember, and they had to zip it open, go through, close it, and then zip the other side open, but they couldn’t open both at the same time, I remember that. One at a time. People go in, they close it, and then they open. They couldn’t open both because, I don’t know, the wind contamination would go, it would be an air vacuum. So only one door at a time. I remember the zip getting opened hundreds upon hundreds of times, hearing that noise of the nurses going wherever it was they were going. I remember that noise. I’ll never forget the noise of the zips opening all the time.

This was in ICU.

Yes.

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Hospital staff and visitors in contact with Covid patients are required to wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gowns, masks, gloves, goggles, hats and visors. This can be disorientating for patients; some people we spoke to described the masks and suits staff wore as “space suits” and “Hazmat suit type things”.

Laurence would frequently see nurses change in and out of PPE, and appreciated how difficult this made their work.

I think it was on the 4th of May [2020] they moved me from ICU into a normal ward, recovery ward where there were three other guys in that ward with me and again, everyone was very, very sort of Covid aware. So, you’d see a nurse come to see you, visit you at your bed and once they’d finished with you, they would then strip off all their PPE gear, all their aprons, chuck it all away and put a whole new set on to go and do the next guy so you could just see the difficulty they’ve got in doing their job. It just seems like they’re wrapped up in new processes to enable them to do their job but, yes, you’ve got nothing much else to do obviously when you’re sat there but observe the nurses and try and talk to them and all that sort of stuff.

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For Moazzam the amount of PPE that staff was wearing signified how ill he was.

Moazzam remembered that staff was wearing less PPE as he got better.

Then by the time I got to come out of ICU, and they put me into a separate room I was still being treated by people by the nurses wearing so much extra PPE that it was, I honestly, because I didn't know how severe my Covid was. They were still, where they were coming in like hazmat suits.

Yeah exactly, and like it probably makes the situation seem a lot scarier.

It did, it honestly did because I, all I wanted to do was basically go home. But they, I wasn't even allowed to move, to breathe, and in my head, I would just think that I can just get off the bed and just start walking and go. Go inside, go to the reception and sign myself out, discharge myself and go home. But every time I tried to move, I couldn't. And when it when it got slightly better, when they were coming in with not as much PPE Hazmat suit type thing, it got slightly lighter.

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Whilst PPE is essential for the protection of staff and patients, it is a barrier to communication and the provision of care: when staff are in full PPE only their eyes are visible and the masks make it hard to communicate. This limits their ability to express compassion and empathy.

PPE could also make it hard to recognise staff, which amplified patients’ feelings of confusion and isolation. Their voices became an important way to differentiate between staff members. Chris recalled that staff “all wrote their names across their aprons so you always knew the nurse’s name as well, which was very helpful.”

Paul noted with sadness that PPE meant he would be unable to recognise the people who had saved his life if they were to see them on the street. He felt that he “could walk past every one of them in the street and not recognise them because they had their masks and their face masks and the visors. But they would introduce themselves every day, and they had their name on their PPE. I’d maybe recognise voices.”

Feelings of isolation and anxiety

Seeing staff in full PPE could be disorientating and scary for patients, especially when they were not fully awake or conscious.

In the early days of the pandemic, when little was known about how transmissible or lethal Covid was, there was often a fearful atmosphere around patients. Carl and Emma who were admitted to ICU early on in the pandemic described having a sense that staff did not want to be close to them. The experiences of isolation and disorientation, that are common for ICU patients, were amplified by the absence of loved ones and of physical touch. With no family members or friends by their side to hold their hand or comfort them, it was very reassuring when staff touched patients, regardless of the gloves they wore.

Waking up at night with staff in PPE by his bedside made Brian jump.

The funny thing is, when I came home, which was really…there were a couple of things that happened was, when I was in intensive care and my stay downstairs, because they keep, these nurses keep coming up throughout the night taking blood and measuring stuff. And, obviously, at times I would drop off to sleep and then, you know, you’ve obviously got somebody, you can feel somebody’s presence. So, a couple of times I’ve woken up and you’ve just got somebody with a mask or a face shield right next to you, and I just jumped out of my skin every time, which was quite funny because I caught them unawares, as well. I’m jumping, they’re jumping and they’d have to say, sorry, have you just woken up, and there’s somebody leaning right next to you.

And so, when I came home, for about a week I had some dreams, when I was waking up in my own bed at home. And I’m thinking… so, you’re in that drowsy, trying to figure out, where am I, and I remember thinking, blimey, I’ve got somebody really close to me, right next to me. I’m thinking, that’s a bit close, but it was my wife. And then, you realise, blimey, I’m at home. So, just in 20 days it just all got a little bit twisted where, you know, trying to work out the reality of where I actually was.

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Feelings of confusion and disorientation

Patients in intensive care will often have bad dreams, hallucinations or delirium (see also ‘Sleep, dreams and hallucinations in ICU/ICU patient experience module’). Between 50% and 80% of patients on ventilation are believed to suffer from delusions caused by critical illness, the medications prescribed to help them tolerate particular treatments or being attached to equipment*.

It is possible that these experiences of delirium were more common and intense for Covid ICU patients than they are for ICU patients more generally *2. Admissions were on average longer than for other ICU patients, and were mechanically ventilated for longer periods. Covid patients required medications for deeper sedation to enable proning and ‘ventilator synchrony’ (a better match between their breathing pattern and the ventilator) and were also on these medications for longer periods. The restriction on hospital visits for infection control meant that no familiar voices could reorient patients back from their hallucinations.

In her role as an intensive care nurse, Melanie advocated for more family visits wherever possible within the circumstances.

Can I ask one more professional question? So how did you see that patients were more delirious when family is absent? Does that make a difference to the degree to which patients are delirious?

I think the length of delirium and, for sure, and was more intense. And lasted longer. It's hard because it Covid is so complex and. Put that and also covered patients were with us for so much longer. I'm in trajectory was four to six weeks, whereas in an average length of stay is less than you know four to 10 days you know and so clearly they were going to get delirious just by default. But the severity and the duration. There's much, much more intense. So, when families could come in, you could see a change in the patient.

I was very much a champion of enabling families to visit because, they in themselves are therapy for patients. And when you're intubated, ventilated, sedated your, your mind is trying to make sense of what is going on and you don't know who you are, where you are. Even if your existing, and you know hearing people, familiar voices of those that you love kind of bring you back to reality and you know many times people have said as part of my role as following patients up after intensive care, many will say that they were drawn to a bright light. But a family member's voice drew them back and it made me think how many patients didn't ever hear a voice to draw them back. How many and so I was very. Wherever possible, we would try to get visitors to come before intubation and obviously end of life. But when patients were delirious like we needed families there to kind of bring them back to some degree of you know connection and but that that was a challenge throughout Covid.

Like how his lifelong friend and his sister were just relying on, not just, but were relying on phone calls. And we did do virtual visiting and…but it wasn’t the same as that human contact. For Rhod that physical contact was really important. And you didn’t even need to say anything; just your presence being next to someone that you love is enough. So, yeah that, that, that weighs heavy on my heart that so many families were not allowed to come in to see their loved ones.

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People like Paul, Nahied, Carl and Victor described their dreams as “weird”, “surreal” and “terrifying”; they dreamed of being restrained, hurt, or even tortured. For some, time was distorted so that when they woke up, it felt as if they had been in ICU for several years.

Staff wearing PPE contributed to their confusion and disorientation. Paul recalled “a lot of doctors and nurses and consultants round the [ICU] bed with the masks on and the visors on and all the PPE, and I was very confused, because I had these delirium dreams”. Caroline vaguely remembered “disembodied heads” that were probably nurses wearing PPE.

Caroline has a vague memory of “disembodied heads” which she now knows were the nurses wearing PPE.

And do you remember your first day in ICU?

No, I don’t consciously remember anything about ICU. Except for a few scattered memories and some that I’ve only been able to piece into the timeline of them happening while I was in intensive care since I read my medical notes. So I had a memory of disembodied white heads bending over me, which I now know was the nurses and it was when I was coming out of sedation hold. And they oriented me, so they’d say, Caroline, Caroline, open your eyes, it’s Wednesday and you’re in…and all I remember of that was hospital. And then they would say, we’re just going to. And they’d do something and it would really hurt and they’d say, oh, I’m sorry, and then it would all go black again. And I can remember the third or fourth time that happening, waking up and thinking, oh, no, not again.

Do you know what it was, the interventions that they did at those points in time?

Yeah, it was when they were doing sedation hold, I know that they were trying to get me to open my eyes. I mean, I was still intubated, I had a tracheotomy at that point. And I remember that they were trying…I was told that they were trying to let me know where I was and see if I would respond to commands. Because at that point, they didn’t know how badly injured I was, how bad my brain was affected.

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For Carl, these dreams continued after they had left the ICU. Pete, continued to be haunted by their memory: “I haven’t had them since [I was discharged from hospital], but the thing is, because they were so realistic, the memory of them is with me all the time, which I don’t like.”

Patients who have had hallucinations are often given the opportunity to visit the unit (see also ‘Coming to terms with what happened’) to see for themselves what the ICU environment is like. They can talk to staff about what happened in more detail. The hope is that this helps people differentiate between what was a dream and what actually happened, and to understand why they had particular delusions. Unfortunately, these visits often had to be suspended due to infection control. Between the peaks of Covid infections some people we spoke to were able to visit the ward and to meet some staff members who had taken care of them.

Laurence’s doctors and nurses wanted him to come back to ICU to see the ward, but this practice was temporarily suspended.

Like I said, they looked after me and the one thing that they, and when I say they, I’m talking about the respiratory nurses that I’m in contact with and contact me, they would love me to go back or other patients to go back into ITU to see, well, that’s the bed that you were in, you know, so you can get closure on it and I think that’s important. I think that’s important for me, personally, to see where I was and also if I hear a news programme or if I’m watching the news and they’re in hospital and I hear that beeping in the background. There’s a certain kind of beep, I think it must be just the machine that does the…measures the heartbeat, the oxygen, everything. I get a bit of a, oh, urggh, I get a bit of a funny chill up my spine because in a lot of my dreams there was a song with that noise in it or something like that so it can take you straight back there when you hear that noise. So I’d just like to see that machine and look at it in the face and think, okay, that’s what it is. That’s what it was doing. Yes, you never know.

So, were they planning for you to see the ward at all?

Say it again sorry.

Would they show you the ward in normal times or did they talk about wanting to show you the ward?

Yes, they’ve talked about wanting to do that and I think they feel it’s an important part of your journey to have seen it, to know where you were, where you survived and all that sort of stuff. So obviously they can’t do that at the moment because we’re in the second wave and that might go on for a lot more months, but I think it’s certainly in the programme to bring people back. Because it must be good for them to see someone that they cared for who has made a recovery, wants to come back and see where they were but also for them to be thanked or say hello. It would be great to be able to give someone a hug, wouldn’t it, just say thank you and shake their hand maybe but, you know, who knows, we’ll have to wait and see.

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Mike and Veronica went to the ICU to meet doctors and nurses who had taken care of Veronica when she was critically ill.

It’s only natural they developed an emotional bond with her because of the intensive care that she was getting, and they were all willing her through. One of them came to tea and we had a good, lovely morning and had a giggle and a laugh and a smile. We’ve met others since as well, you know. Meetings at the hospital and everything. It’s good to see them. It’s good to thank them. Good to know that they’re all right and they haven’t contracted Covid or anything like… you know, it’s just so wonderful. And that side of it was… that’s good. That’s helped my recovery in many ways, is meeting the nurses just rather than a videocall. You learnt about them and they’re another human being with another story to tell. So, it does worry me slightly though when you see them and you realise what a bond they had developed because they have to do that on a professional basis day-in, day-out and experience the losses as well as the gains. Must be really, really hard to do.

And if anybody deserves counselling, they do. That’s for sure, you know. But it was nice to meet them. It was lovely.

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Neil had “funny hilarious, sometimes scary hallucinations”. He wanted to visit the ICU to put faces to the voices he remembers.

When you get the funny hilarious, sometimes scary, hallucinations, which is common because you are coming out of a drug-induced coma. I’m quite lucky, in that the hallucinations I had weren’t too violent. There was a couple, but I know of other people who’ve been in my situation that when they started to come out of the coma, they attacked nurses because they feel that the nurses are going to try and kill them. Because it’s only because of what they’ve been doing while they’ve been in a coma, but semiconsciously they’ve picked up what’s happening, and when they see a nurse, they think that they’re going to assault them, so they fight back.

Luckily, I didn’t have that reaction. Mine were fairly funny hallucinations – I met Donald Trump, told him what I thought of him, because I’m not a Trump supporter. I met up with Elton John and his partner in New York on New Year’s Eve, when it was snowing on the steps of Fifth Avenue Hotel, but I had a goldfish bowl on my head. I found out consequently that that was to do with the oxygen mask that they put on me while I was in intensive care, but I actually thought…in a lot of my dreams I was walking around with a goldfish bowl on my head. So, I’m quite lucky that I didn’t have any of these really, really bad dreams. You see, and then I couldn’t put a face to anybody in intensive care. When I started to come out of my coma, the…everybody I saw I felt they were somebody I knew from work, so it looked like people from work, not nurses or doctors. I would not still have a clue what any of them looked like, and that’s one of the reasons I want to go back just to, say, putting a face to a smell or a voice and say, thank you.

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Experiences of the visitor ban

In UK hospitals visits were suspended for most of the Covid-19 pandemic. Some hospitals made an exception for family members of end-life patients. The restriction on visits to the hospital had a profound effect on patients’ and family members’ experiences of the hospital stay.

From the early days of the pandemic, staff began facilitating contact between patients and family members through video calls. Whether it was available to patients and family members depended on each hospital’s staffing resources. Video calls required equipment as well as nurses to free up time for this important but additional task.

Carl and Emma stressed how isolated and lonely they had been in ICU and on the ward without family members or friends there, especially before staff started video calling family members. Emma said that she had felt really “anxiousy” in ICU: “I just felt really scared and very lonely. I was too scared to be scared.

Using their phone could be too complicated for patients who were weakened from the illness and just woken up from sedation. Carl felt that calling his family sooner after waking up from ventilation could have reduced his confusion.

When staff began making video calls to facilitate contact between family members and patients, this made a real difference. Laurence, who did have immediate access to videocalling after regaining consciousness, said: “That digital connection was a stroke of genius, really. So, I think that would be a brilliant idea if we have to live with Covid again, that every patient has a way of being digitally connected without relying on trying to use their phone.”

Carl was admitted to ICU in late March 2020, before videoconferencing was used. He felt that videoconferencing could have decreased this feeling of being isolated and confused.

I think just looking back on the whole thing if I could go back and ask for anything I think coming out of the ICU, because you’re so confused and so absolutely all over the place. As far as I’m concerned, I’d just been in another world for many years, and I know if somebody could have put like a Facetime or something with family, somebody from the outside as soon as possible to me it probably would have made a huge difference. I’m not complaining or anything, but I just know that would have made a massive difference to me. I know that first phone call was huge, it made a massive difference. I think that isolation from everybody else is something that I know I was so confused all the time, just didn’t really know anything. I just think that would have made a massive, massive difference. I could have easily asked for help, asked can you get my phone working, or can you dial this number – I wouldn’t remember any numbers – but could you do this for me, but you’re just so messed up that you don’t think to ask anybody.

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After waking up from being ventilated, Laurence could FaceTime his family, which was a real morale booster for him and his family.

Then when you did speak to your wife for the first time, so you mentioned you didn’t have a voice yet, so it was… So, what did that whole situation look like? So, they brought an iPad, you said.

Yes, they brought an iPad. I couldn’t use my… so incomprehensible for me, I couldn’t use my phone because it was too cumbersome. It’s not a massive phone. It’s the new iPhone 11 so it’s quite chunky but I just wasn’t able to physically operate it; a) I couldn’t’t speak, b) I couldn’t’t hold it up and I couldn’t’t do the numbers. I wasn’t very… I guess I wasn’t very with it, I suppose. So, yes, that first time the nurse would hold it up like that and just there, it’s my wife and she would be talking to me because she knew I couldn’t’t talk. They’d obviously given her a bit of a pre-chat to say, look, you know, he can’t talk but he’s just been doing this, that and the other and he’s awake, he’s kind of with it so talk to him and encourage him, which is what she did. So, she was just sort of saying, you’re doing fantastically well and your daughter’s here with you… me and here's the dog and it’s lovely and sunny. We’re fine. We’re waiting for you, and all that sort of stuff.

So, all conversations, I think, were aimed at giving me hope to just get better and, yes, they were a real morale booster for me, and I think that’s a brilliant idea if, in the entire ward, in a situation where you cannot have your family or friends. I think if I’d been involved in a motorcycle accident or something or, you know, I’m sure that in a normal situation you’d be able to be beside your partner, holding their hand, without being covered in PPE… you know, all that gear and it would help. There's a connection there, isn’t there? So, this is very new for the nurses and the doctors and for the patients and for the husbands and wives and families at home that are not able to come and see you or drop stuff off for you. So that’s where I got that sense that I felt that the nurses might be struggling with that because they can’t… they must feel that they’re not doing their job to the full extent of their ability.

Yes, so that was one of the reasons that we wanted to raise some cash to buy more iPads because I know that the priority for cash must be to go to more equipment for essential things so that’s part of the fundraising that we’re doing is to try and buy iPads but also to make sure that we push up the agenda that mental health aspect.

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Video calling was not always easy emotionally for patients and family members.

When Emma could not use her phone, the nurse helped her make the calls until she could do so herself.

So, it took me ages to get into the phone, and then it wouldn’t work because there was no service. There was a reason why it wouldn’t work, so they brought out this iPad, and they brought out the iPad and put it in front of me. He got a sick bowl, turned it over, slotted a hole in it and put the iPad in it, and I remember thinking, you’ve done this a few times before, because why would you have done that with a sick bowl if you hadn’t have done it? And he slotted it in the sick bowl, and he then got into the iPad and went for the app or the phone or whatever it was, and I couldn’t remember my husband’s mobile number. I had no memory of his mobile number at all, and I’ve always known his number. It’s only his number and my mum’s number that I actually know, everyone else’s, I wouldn’t have a clue. The kids, anyone, it’s just because they’ve had theirs the longest. But I tried putting this number in so many times and coming up with different numbers. Eventually we did it and he…the nurse actually then put the number in and dialled it, and it went through and my husband just…because I think we’d tried it on the phone, so he knew that somebody was trying him.

And then he answered it and it was just him, and it was good. And then the kids came and it was really good, but it was really sad at the same time, because I couldn’t talk properly, I couldn’t see properly, and I could see by their faces that I wasn’t how they remembered me. I could see everything was…yeah, I could see that they were looking at me and it was like, we are so pleased that you are here, but I could see the kids… you know your kids or you know your parents or you know your husbands, wives, whatever, and you know that in their eyes, you can see that they’re looking at you, and they’re like, what’s wrong? And I could see the kids like, what’s wrong with Mum? She doesn’t sound like me, and I had this suction tube that I had to keep suctioning out my mouth, and they hadn’t seen me for so long, and the last time I saw them, I walked out the house and said, just popping down to the hospital, be back shortly, didn’t even give them a kiss, didn’t give them anything.

And they were looking at me, and my eyes, obviously only one could open, my tongue, my mouth was pure white and thick, really, really thick, so how I was talking, they could see my tongue, and my voice wasn’t normal. I thought I was quite normal, but I was slurry, and my face was all still just…obviously trying to…I’d been stuck like that, hadn’t I, and it’s trying to get everything back. So nothing was normal, whatever that is, but normal, and I could see them looking, as if to say, she’s not good, is she? She might be there, but what’s happened to Mum? And [husband] was…my husband was so happy, and I could see he was so happy, but I could see in his eyes, I could see him looking as if to say, oh god, you know, she’s awake, but what’s the reality of this?

And then I phoned my parents straight after, and I’ve never seen my dad cry, but I did then, and I think they promised me everything in the world that I could ever have or…you know, anything, and just the talking to them, just…it felt amazing. I felt like a little girl again, like I wanted my mum and dad. I broke down more with my parents than I did with my husband and my kids, because I didn’t want them to see me break down. If it was [husband] on his own, but I didn’t want my kids to see my break down, and yeah, I broke down more with my parents, and then [husband] phoned me back, and everyone was just trying to phone me, and then, I just…that was it. I wasn’t on the phone to them for long at all, I couldn’t, I really couldn’t, I was knackered, I was so tired, that really took it out of me in every way, emotional, everything. Yeah. It was the best feeling in the world, yeah.

Gosh. Did you talk to them afterwards about what that was like for them?

I don’t know, I think I must have, like because I spoke to them after that point, I spoke to them so much. I spoke to them…they’d say, chat to me whenever you want, and I’d FaceTime, I’d try and text. It’s really quite funny, actually, because I had…on my phone I had over 500 text messages of people, friends, everything. I had I don’t know how many WhatsApp, Facebook, all of that lot, I had so many different things, and I’ve got such a lovely circle of friends, and I sent…I done a message a couple of days later, because I was being bombarded constantly. And as the time went on, I could pick my phone up and I was getting better at doing different things, you know. And the more I used it, the more…and because there’s no-one else, so you are on your own there, so your phone becomes quite a big…they’re a big thing to us anyway, aren’t they, but it becomes a really big thing, because I could chat to the kids, I could chat to [husband], my parents, my sister, my auntie, my friends.

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Many people like Caroline and Nahied described how the staff made a positive impact on their ICU experience. Although the high patient numbers meant that there were less nurses for each patient, staff on ICU tried to spend time talking with patients.

Nahied felt less lonely on ICU because a nurse would talk to her. She missed this on the general ward.

And was there any difference in this, in the Intensive Care, and in the general ward?

Yeah, I get few differences, ‘cause in ICU, the nurse was always there sitting next to me, 24/7. The first thing I wake up, I see my nurse there, the last thing before going to sleep, the nurse is there. But that is not in the ward, that was different.

In the ward, you had to call the nurse.

I had to call them, and I felt a bit lonely in the ward. ‘Cause the nurse was always talking to me, and I was listening. And she was talking about her day, and tomorrow’s her day off, and talking to me about her plans about her family. One nurse’s son was getting married, she was talking about that, I remember now. But I don’t get that in the general ward, I missed that.

You felt a bit lonely you say?

Yeah. It was a side room, but lonely, ‘cause no one was always there. When I called the buzzer, a nurse would come straightaway.

And did you have any contact with other patients in your time in hospital?

No.  No other patients, no. Because of Covid, you weren’t allowed. Yeah.  ‘Cause of Covid I wasn’t allowed, and there was one nurse, she made me porridge. I never ever ate porridge. She goes to me, I’m going to put something here, and you’re going to eat it. So, she made it for me, she put some honey and I ate it. It was nice.

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In Staying in touch despite the visitor ban you can hear family members speak about how they experienced not being able to visit their loved ones in ICU.

*Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Delirium in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2008;12 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):S3. doi:10.1186/cc6149

*2 Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with Covid-19 (Covid-D): a multi-centre cohort study, The Lancet

Uncertain survival

The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a place of uncertainty, where life-saving treatment is provided to those who are critically ill. The lives of ICU...