Referral to a rheumatologist, tests and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis

A diagnosis is usually made by one of three routes. Some GPs carry out tests, make the diagnosis and then refer the person to a specialist – a rheumatologist, at their local hospital or a specialist hospital. For many people, after having discussed the initial symptoms with their GP, the GP will suspect that it is some form of arthritis but will refer the person to the rheumatologist to make a specific diagnosis of RA. A few people, who have quite severe symptoms at the start, go into hospital for care and tests to establish the cause.

Some people we interviewed were referred to the rheumatologist straight away, but this can vary and there can be delays in diagnosis. One woman then aged 30, was a bit worried at being given an urgent referral, but was relieved when she saw the consultant and got a diagnosis.

The urgent referral to the rheumatologist worried her but getting a diagnosis was a relief.

Age at interview 31

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 30

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Waiting times to see the consultant rheumatologist also varied. The British Society of Rheumatology states one of its aims is for patients with RA to begin treatment within six weeks of referral and most patients are seen quite quickly. However, several people chose to pay to see a specialist; because they had health insurance; because they felt the wait to see an NHS specialist was too long; that they were not getting a diagnosis from their GP; or because their symptoms were affecting everyday activities and work and they wanted a quick diagnosis and treatment. Of the 38 people we interviewed six had seen a specialist privately and five of these had then transferred to NHS care. These people were mostly happy to pay to find out what the problem was and start treatment.

The symptoms were really getting him down, so he saw a specialist privately.

Age at interview 46

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 38

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Was initially told she had psoriatic arthritis but she read about it and thought it was…

Age at interview 29

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 25

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In making the diagnosis, nearly everyone had blood tests, the sample(s) being taken either by the GP (see Original symptoms and visiting the GP) or the specialist, and the results being positive, showed that they had rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This is referred to as sero-positive RA. For some people the rheumatoid factor blood test does not give a positive result immediately or in fact ever, even though they have RA and this is called sero-negative RA. This can delay getting the diagnosis from several months to a few years; one woman was not given a positive RA diagnosis for 20 years after her first symptoms. Diagnosis has improved more recently due to the development of tests for the anti-CCP antibody, which is more specific and sensitive for RA, but requests for this test are restricted to specialist use in most places.

Having sero-negative rheumatoid arthritis delayed a definite diagnosis for 9 years.

Age at interview 45

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 39

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Some people, but not all, are sent for x-rays, often of the hands and feet but if symptoms are elsewhere, then of that particular joint. People found having x-rays taken was not a problem (see Regular monitoring and other diagnostic tests). One man describes how the rheumatologist examined him, took an x-ray of his ankle and did a blood test to make the diagnosis.

The GP had her stiff neck x-rayed, thought it was RA, so sent her to a rheumatologist.

Age at interview 50

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 48

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Tells what happened when he first saw the rheumatologist.

Age at interview 55

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 47

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Various other tests were performed while doctors tried to diagnose the problem. One young woman had a liver biopsy and numerous other blood tests including those for tropical diseases and gonorrhea. One woman had muscle testing (electro-myogram) and another a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan although this is unusal (see Regular monitoring and other diagnostic tests).

Had many different treatment and tests in hospital to diagnose juvenile chronic arthritis.

Age at interview 37

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 19

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Not everyone got a diagnosis of RA to begin with and other diagnoses were made. Some were of related conditions such as polymyalgia rheumatica, palindromic arthritis or another inflammatory condition. One woman was not happy with the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis from the private specialist because from her reading she felt her symptoms were more like those of RA, so her GP referred her to an NHS consultant. Another woman describes how, after having an eleven year gap since a previous RA flare, she was initially told she had lupus (systemic lupus erythromatosus) and was relieved later when her rheumatologist confirmed that it was in fact RA causing her symptoms again. For those people whose symptoms began in childhood the diagnosis of Stills disease was made; this is now called juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Was initially told she had psoriatic arthritis but she read about it and thought it was…

Age at interview 29

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 25

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After an initial diagnosis and flare 11 years ago, she was re-diagnosed and told it could be lupus.

Age at interview 42

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 29

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People whose illness began with severe symptoms were admitted to hospital as inpatients and given different treatments. One woman was admitted by ambulance. Two had fluid aspirated from the knees and one later had the joint injected and the leg put in plaster. Several people were admitted for bed rest either straight away or within a few weeks of being diagnosed. A woman with undiagnosed groin pain was given traction for 2 weeks. This type of bed rest and immobilisation of joints is know not to be best practice now and keeping joints moving is advised where possible. In fact exercise, appropriately paced, is a useful addition to the treatment of RA.

Was taken to hospital by ambulance and after 5 days of tests was found to have RA.

Age at interview 52

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 47

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Felt a fraud with no visible symptoms but went into hospital for rest then finally asked what was…

Age at interview 52

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 28

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Some rheumatologists reassured patients that it doesnt go on forever, it often burns itself out within 18 months or it wasnt the end of the world and that I would be able to cope with it, but others gave the worst case scenarios of youll be in a wheelchair by the time you are 30 or it could kill you. Consultants often explained that it affected individuals differently.

Rheumatologist told her the three likely outcomes of having RA.

Age at interview 37

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 19

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Both GPs and rheumatologists began treatment for patients with a variety of medication (see Painkillers, Anti-inflammatory drugs, Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, Steroid tablets, injections and intravenous pulses).

The British Society for Rheumatology has regularly updated guidance on the diagnosis and treatment of RA. This also includes information for GP’s on when a person should be referred to a specialist and initial tests to conduct.