Recovery from a vegetative or minimally conscious state
Most of the people who spoke to us had relatives who remained in a vegetative or minimally conscious state (or died without ever regaining full...
A ‘Permanent’ diagnosis
Severely brain injured patients should be regularly reassessed to ensure their needs are being met (e.g. if they move from a vegetative into a minimally conscious state) and that they are getting appropriate patient-centred care and treatment.
Lynne Turner Stokes chaired the Royal College of Physicians working party on prolonged disorders of consciousness. She describes the type of assessments carried out in the initial rehabilitation setting (after the patient leaves hospital) and the need for on-going assessment.
Professor Lynne Turner-Stokes describes the move to specialist rehab settings for initial evaluations. She underlines the need for repeated re-assessment over the months or years that follow.
The National Clinical guidelines produced by the Royal College of Physicians 2013 outline appropriate assessment, diagnosis, and monitoring – see Section 2 of the report, with a summary on pages 33-35. The guidelines state clearly that:
‘Clinical re-evaluation for the purposes of treatment planning should be undertaken at 6 and 12 months post injury and annually thereafter. Assessment should be undertaken by an appropriately skilled assessor. It may be based on information gleaned from interviews with family members, carers and treating professionals.’ (p. 23)
However, the family members who spoke to us (speaking mainly before the RCP guidelines were published) often had not had the chance to talk with anyone in depth about the diagnosis and prognosis for their relative for a long time. A proper assessment is particularly important for patients who may be in a permanent vegetative state – but things sometimes drift. Assessments and updates to the family are important so that they understand the current situation, to ensure the patient’s best interests are addressed, and to avoid simply abandoning families and patients.
Seven years on from her father’s injury, Nik asks is it going to get any better?’ and feels she does not have clear answers.
It is important that relatives are given the opportunity to ask questions and reflect on any change in diagnosis. This situation is not helped by confusing language – for example, the term a ‘low awareness’ state is sometimes used to mean ‘vegetative (but is seen as a ‘nicer’ word) and is sometimes used to mean ‘minimally conscious’ (meaning the patient does have some intermittent awareness – see ‘Definitions’).
Diagnostic terms may also be used by staff who may or may not have training in how to assess consciousness and may, or may not, have a great deal of hands on experience (and hands on care which gives the opportunity to observe a patient’s reactions).
Observations from carers and family members and friends can be usefully supplemented by formal and systematic assessment using tools such as the ‘Wessex Head Injury Matrix’ (WHIM) and the ‘Sensory Modality Assessment and Rehabilitation Technique’ (SMART). These involve regular testing of the patient over time – involving a range of standardised stimulation trying to test responses to different stimuli (e.g. sound or sight). The patient may be presented with, for example, a loud sound, a picture, or a verbal instructions such as ‘raise your eyebrows’. Patients are scored from ‘no response’ or ‘reflex response’ at the lower end of awareness to ‘differentiating response’ at level 5 at which a patient may follow instructions or use an object appropriately (e.g. scribbling with a pen).
Angela talks about witnessing her husband undergoing SMART assessments
People who spoke to us sometimes felt they had had to struggle to get their relative’s level of consciousness properly assessed and sometimes felt their own observations of the patient were ignored.
Some people dismissed her father as completely unaware but Morag and her mother and sister could see that he responded to them. They fought hard to get a proper assessment for him.
Eventually Morag’s family were able to have her father taken to a specialist assessment centre in England. But Morag believes being away from his familiar environment in Wales did not help him to display his potential level of awareness.
It seems that Morag’s father was never given any other label than ‘vegetative’. He died after nine years without any official acknowledgement that he had any awareness. This was some years ago however, before the widespread recognition of the ‘the minimally conscious state’. Morag’s description of her father suggests that he might have been re-diagnosed as minimally conscious if he were alive today. We discussed this possibility with Morag, and explained how minimal consciousness was defined and assessed.
On hearing about the term, minimally conscious state, Morag was not impressed by the progress of medical science in helping people like her father.
Recognising that a patient is aware is crucial to their care, it is equally important to recognise when patients have no awareness at all. Sometimes a patient in a permanent vegetative state is left without a firm diagnosis being provided for them, or communicated to their families. Assessments and updates to the family are important to ensure the patient’s best interests are addressed and families and patients are not simply abandoned. A failure to provide a vegetative state diagnosis may mean the patient is treated ‘by default’ when this is not what they would have wanted and may leave families putting in huge effort to provide stimulation, love and comfort to a patient who is completly unaware of this. A clear diagnosis of a permanent vegetative state can be devastating for some families, but was welcomed with relief by others because it can suggest a clear way forward.
David and Olivia say it was hard to get a definitive answer about diagnosis, even years after the injury, and even though proper assessments eventually showed that David’s mother was in a permanent vegetative state.
They felt elated’ after their conversation with the expert rehabilitation consultant who assessed David’s mother – for once in a blue moon, we knew what was going on’
National clinical guidelines by the Royal College of Physicians (2013) emphasise the importance of not letting such situations continue without proper assessment (including considering family observations). The guidelines underline the value of best interests review, and the obligations on the treating clinicians to ensure their patients are treated appropriately at all times, and that decisions are revisited in line with an appropriate timetable and the guidelines for clinical practice. A ‘permanent’ diagnosis cannot be given until many months or even a year has passed and depends on individual circumstances. Proper reassessment should be carried out to ensure the correct re-diagnosis is given if a patient does move into a permanent vegetative state. The diagnosis of a ‘permanent’ disorder of consciousness is discussed on pp. 10-11 of the National Clinical Guidelines produced by the Royal College of Physicians’ [See ‘Resources‘] and is discussed below by Professor Lynne Turner-Stokes.
Lynne describes the timescale and conditions for when a patient might be described as permanently’ vegetative and reflects on what permanent’ means.
Hospital re-admissions
Patients in vegetative and minimally conscious states often end up being re-admitted to hospital even after they have moved into long term care, because of...