Tamoxifen and other hormonal treatments for breast cancer in women

Hormonal therapies are treatments which either reduce the levels of hormones in the body or block their effects on cancer cells. They are often given after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy for breast cancer to reduce the chance of the cancer coming back.

Hormonal therapies are only effective in women whose cancer cells have receptors for oestrogen and/or progesterone on their surface. This is known as being oestrogen-receptor positive (ER+) or progesterone-receptor positive (PR+). It means that the breast cancer cells are affected by oestrogen or progesterone. These are female hormones that the body produces naturally and that can stimulate breast cancer cells to grow. When a cancer is removed and the tissue is studied in the laboratory, testing for whether these hormonal receptors are present is one of the checks that are normally done.

There are many different types of hormonal therapies and they work in slightly different ways. Hormonal therapies for breast cancer include the drug tamoxifen which is from a group of medicines known as a SERM (selective oestrogen receptor modulator). These block the effect of oestrogen on tissue receptors.

Another family of drugs which act to reduce hormone levels are the medicines known as aromatase inhibitors (these drugs work by blocking the aromatase enzyme reducing the amount of oestrogen in the body). They are only effective in women whose ovaries have stopped making oestrogen: someone who has gone through the menopause either naturally or after surgery to remove the ovaries.

Other hormonal treatments work by stopping the ovaries from producing hormones by using medicines such as Zoladex (goserelin) which switches off the ovary, or through surgical therapy: removing the ovaries.

Which hormonal therapy is best for each woman depends on several factors, including:

  • A woman’s age
  • whether a woman has had her menopause (change of life)
  • the stage and grade of the cancer
  • which other treatments are being used.

Tamoxifen

Here women we talked with women about their experiences of tamoxifen, a hormonal therapy known as an anti-oestrogen drug.

Tamoxifen works by preventing oestrogen in the body from attaching to breast cancer cells and encouraging them to grow so it lowers the risk of breast cancer coming back (recurring) after treatment. It can also help to reduce the risk of cancer in the other breast by 40% by taking tamoxifen for 5 years (Cancer Research UK 2017). It is the main hormonal therapy drug given to women who haven’t been through menopause (premenopausal). It is also sometimes given to women after the menopause, and it can also be used for men with breast cancer.

Tamoxifen comes as tablets and is usually given for 5 years, but some women may benefit from taking it for longer (usually 10 years), but taking tamoxifen for longer is a balancing act as although it reduces the risk of breast cancer coming back it can also increase the risk of womb cancer or DVT’s (deep vein thrombosis/blood clots). This is a decision the individual woman would normally make with her breast cancer specialist.

Many women explained why they were prescribed tamoxifen, and discussed the benefits of taking it. A few women had to stop taking HRT (hormone replacement therapy containing oestrogen and progestin given to women in the menopause) when diagnosed with breast cancer, and were given tamoxifen. One woman explained why, initially, she was averse to taking these tablets.

Explains why she was given tamoxifen.

Age at interview 59

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 56

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Comments on giving up HRT and taking tamoxifen.

Age at interview 56

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 53

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Although a few women had no side effects with tamoxifen, most experienced some symptoms. Hot flushes or sweats were common and sometimes they interrupted sleep. A few women suggested taking evening primrose oil, but there is no scientific evidence of its value for this.

Comments on her concerns about tamoxifen.

Age at interview 43

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 43

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Discusses how she has learnt to cope with the hot sweats she experienced with tamoxifen.

Age at interview 47

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 43

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Some women said they gained weight while they were taking tamoxifen. Other women complained of tiredness, and a few had irregular periods. Uterine complications affected a few women. Women who have taken tamoxifen over a long period of time have an increased risk of womb cancer (endometrial cancer). Abnormal vaginal bleeding can be an early sign, so it is very important to get any unusual, changing or post-menopausal bleeding checked straight away by your GP. When womb cancer is found early, treatment is very successful.

Mood swings, panic attacks, nausea, insomnia, indigestion, and aches in the bones were also some of the side effects of tamoxifen experienced by people we talked to. Verite said she had a rare side effect, temporary blindness in one eye, and problems with her skin.

Comments that she gained weight as a result of taking tamoxifen.

Age at interview 57

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 54

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One woman discusses uterine complications after taking tamoxifen and mentions the increased risk of developing cancer of the womb:

Verites sight problem was treated successfully by an opthalmologist and she used various creams…

Age at interview 61

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 54

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Tamoxifen can also interact with other medications such as warfarin and types of antidepressants.

Some women said they felt wary of completing their hormone therapy or reluctant to stop. One woman said she had withdrawal symptoms. A few wanted to take tamoxifen in order to feel they were doing all they could. Others, however, were pleased not to be taking any more medication.

Considers her withdrawal symptoms after completing hormone therapy.

Age at interview 82

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 60

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Would prefer to be on tamoxifen even though tests suggest it would probably make little…

Age at interview 51

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 48

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A few discussed the reasons they were not given tamoxifen or why they declined it. Doctors prescribe drugs if they believe that the additional chance of cure outweighs the side effects. The patient has a chance of weighing pros and cons and many thought that the benefits of treatment outweighed the temporary side effects.

Discusses why she declined having tamoxifen.

Age at interview 49

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 30

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See also Tamoxifen for breast cancer in men.

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