Tests and examinations for bowel (colorectal) cancer

Diagnosing bowel (colorectal) cancer usually requires an examination followed by certain tests such as a simple examination of your abdomen (tummy), and your bottom: a digital rectal examination (checking for lumps or swelling within reach of a finger). If the GP feels there is reason to investigate further they will refer a person for referred for further tests and more than one investigation may be needed to confirm or exclude a diagnosis of bowel cancer. Tests can include:

  • a flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
  • colonoscopy (examinations of the bowel using instruments inserted into the back passage)
  • a computerised X-ray examination (CT colonography)
  • a gastroscopy endoscopy (examination of the stomach with a special instrument).

In the past a barium enema X-ray was the standard test for bowel (colorectal) cancer, but it has been replaced by flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy and CT colonography in most parts of the UK.

If you are diagnosed with bowel (colorectal) cancer you may also have an ultrasound scan, a CT scan or an MRI scan which provide your doctor with more detailed information about the size and position of the tumour and whether it has spread to other organs. Detailed descriptions of these examinations are available on from Cancer Research UK and Macmillan Cancer Support.

Most people who underwent diagnostic tests for bowel cancer found them uncomfortable or embarrassing rather than painful. Many were relieved to be undergoing tests because they were anxious to know the cause of their symptoms.

Several people who faced a long wait for a test such as a colonoscopy paid to have it done privately because they feared the consequences of delaying diagnosis and treatment. Since 2000, the ‘2 week wait’ system for suspected cancer referrals in the UK means all patients should be seen by a specialist within 2 weeks of referral if their GP suspects cancer.

This man describes his experience of a barium enema:

He describes his experience of a barium enema.

Age at interview 76

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 66

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A woman explains what it was like having an endoscopy (examination of the stomach):

She describes her endoscopy.

Age at interview 77

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 68

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These people describe their colonoscopies:

She describes her colonoscopy.

Age at interview 53

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 39

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He describes his colonoscopy.

Age at interview 70

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 68

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People who had CT or MRI scans did not generally find them a problem apart from one man who is claustrophobic. He explains how he had his scan assisted by the nurses:

Having an MRI scan worried him because he is claustrophobic.

Age at interview 73

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 73

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Some people did find it painful to have a biopsy taken. This woman describes what she experienced:

She found having a biopsy taken painful.

Age at interview 37

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 34

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