Symptoms of type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes tends to start when people are under 25, although it can be diagnosed later in life. With type 1 diabetes (also called insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes) the body’s immune system destroys, or attempts to destroy, the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Insulin is the hormone that allows glucose to enter the cells of the body to provide fuel. When glucose can’t enter the cells, it builds up in the blood and the body’s cells literally starve to death. Everyone with type 1 diabetes must take daily insulin injections and regularly monitor their blood glucose levels. The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown but it is thought to be an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.

Not all diabetes in children and teenagers is the kind called type 1. Type 2 diabetes is being seen increasingly in young people. Where type 1 diabetes always requires insulin, type 2 can require insulin but often it can be treated with other medicines such as tablets. This section deals only with young people who have type 1 diabetes.

We have talked to a range of young people who’ve lived with type 1 diabetes from those who were very young when they were first diagnosed to those who were diagnosed when they were teenagers. We have also talked to some young people only recently diagnosed. In this section young people talk about the signs and symptoms that prompted them to seek medical help.

Signs of diabetes

Most people remembered that the first symptoms of diabetes had crept up on them over weeks or even months: most had felt thirsty all the time and said that they started to drink more and more and found that they were unable to quench their thirst. Lots of people described realising something must be wrong with them because they needed to go to the loo all the time. Some said that they had started to wet the bed. Losing weight quickly was another sign to some young people that something might be wrong, while others had noticed feeling unusually tired and thought they must be ‘run-down’. Genital itching or regular episodes of thrush and slow healing of cuts and wounds could be other symptoms. Some symptoms could be more dramatic – several people had experienced blurred vision.

Some of the young people were too young when diagnosed to remember much about their early symptoms.

She was thirsty all the time and felt run down.

Age at interview 17

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 12

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She was 17 when she started to feel unwell and explains how she noticed her vision was blurred…

Age at interview 19

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 17

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Other less common symptoms included fainting, headaches, nose bleeds and mouth ulcers. In one case a young woman thought she had no symptoms, other than feeling extremely tired all the time, and it was just by chance that her diabetes was diagnosed.

She feels lucky to have been diagnosed with diabetes because she didn’t have any of the ‘classic…

Age at interview 25

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 24

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Tests for diabetes

Most young people said they had been diagnosed fairly quickly following a simple urine or blood test at the doctor’s. In one case the diagnosis was delayed by a few months because the GP thought it was stress, and in fact several teenagers interpreted their tiredness as stress due to school work and so didn’t immediately seek help. One girl, diagnosed when she was 7, said that her father, who also had type 1 diabetes, spotted her symptoms and used his own blood glucose meter to test her blood glucose level, then took her straight to hospital. One woman needed a more complex test called ‘oral glucose tolerance test’ because her blood glucose level was borderline.

His mother took him to the hospital and he was diagnosed about 15 minutes after the blood test.

Age at interview 16

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 9

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He felt thirsty for six months, lost lots of weight and felt very tired but says that at first…

Age at interview 19

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 13

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In the case of twin brothers, one of them was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes 3 months after his brother. Both twins knew about symptoms but only the one diagnosed earlier experienced them. Doctors told the parents that there was a 60% chance that the other twin would develop diabetes and tested him for it.

His twin brother was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes three months earlier so doctors tested him…

Age at interview 18

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 9

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Hearing the news

Young people were told about their diabetes by the GP, by the diabetes nurse or the hospital doctor. On hearing the diagnosis most young people described their first reaction ‘as a shock’. Many felt upset and sad, and some remembered bursting into tears when they first heard the diagnosis. Others asked themselves ‘why me?’, and felt it was unfair. Those who were diagnosed as children don’t remember any reaction and said that they have grown up with diabetes, that it is part of their lives. Some young people indicated that to be diagnosed in your early teens could affect your confidence, that it could make you a ‘bit quiet’ for a while.

She was rushed to hospital by the school nurse. She felt shocked and sad when she was told she had diabetes.

Age at interview 21

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 15

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She was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes at the age of two and says that she has never known…

Age at interview 20

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 2

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After his diagnosis he became a bit shy and lacking in confidence.

Age at interview 19

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 14

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Many said they felt reassured to be told straightaway that the diabetes was not their fault, that they hadn’t done anything wrong. For other young people the diagnosis came as a relief because they said that at last they understood what was making them feel so poorly.

After he was started on insulin it was such a relief to stopped feeling poorly that he didn’t…

Age at interview 26

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 18

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Most of the young people we talked to said that they hadn’t known what diabetes was and that they didn’t know anyone else who had it. One 17-year-old teenager said, ‘I didn’t know what the hell was happening at first’. A young woman said that because she didn’t know anything about diabetes she had plenty of questions that needed answering, like ‘Will I be able to have children?’ and ‘How is it going to affect my life?’ (See also ‘Information about diabetes‘.)

He didn’t know anything about diabetes when he was diagnosed and wants to help other young people…

Age at interview 17

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 14

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Type 1 diabetes (young people)

In this section you can find out about the experience of type 1 diabetes by listening to young people share their personal stories on film....