Signs and symptoms of cancer in young people

Different cancers have different signs and symptoms, here you can watch young people talk about how they experienced cancer symptoms.

Brain tumours

There are a few different types of brain tumour and the ones that are more common in young people are astrocytomas and ependymomas (these both start in the supportive tissue of the brain). The most common symptoms are headaches, feeling sick, drowsiness and fits. The symptoms experienced depend on where the tumour is in the brain. The cause isn’t known.

Several of the young people we spoke to said they were diagnosed with brain tumours. They talked about the signs and symptoms that prompted them and their families to seek medical attention.

Reported visual problems and was obviously unwell.

Age at interview 26

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 17

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Just a few days before collapsing he experienced balance problems, said that the sensation was…

Age at interview 16

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 14

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Experienced a sudden deterioration of his health and became unconscious.

Age at interview 20

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 17

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Looking back at pictures of himself before he was diagnosed he realises that he was holding his…

Age at interview 18

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 15

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One of the young people who was later diagnosed with an ependynoma had severe back pain. The tumours were found in the spinal cord.

He had severe pain in the base of his spine and a biopsy revealed that he had two small…

Age at interview 24

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 13

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Hodgkin’s disease (lymphoma)

Hodgkin’s disease is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and is made up of a network of lymph vessels and glands as well as a number of organs. The most common symptoms are painless, swollen glands. The glands most likely to be affected are those in the neck, armpit, groin and chest. The cause is unknown. We interviewed a fourteen-year-old boy who was diagnosed with Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

He had a lump on his neck but his other symptoms could have been caused by TB or asthma.

Age at interview 17

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 14

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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of our immune system (the system that fights off illness) and is made up of a network of lymph vessels and glands as well as a number of organs. The most common symptoms are painless, swollen lymph glands. The glands that are most likely to be affected are those in the neck, throat, chest and abdomen (belly). The cause isn’t known.

The first symptom he had felt like ‘I’d pulled my back.

Age at interview 23

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 23

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One young man had a lot of back pain and was later diagnosed with Burkitt’s like lymphoma. A type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

There are a few different types of white blood cell which help fight infection and disease. ALL is a cancer of one of these white blood cells, the lymphoid cells. The most common symptoms are feeling tired, bruising and being prone to infection. Some people may also experience pain in their bones. The cause isn’t known.

We talked to several young people who had or are having treatment for ALL. Here they talked about the symptoms they had.

One young man who trained at a gym everyday got worried that his cough was not getting better and…

Age at interview 23

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 22

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Says that he never felt unwell with the leukaemia symptoms but felt out of breath and was a bit…

Age at interview 19

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 15

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Had a bad cough and pains in his legs so became worried and asked his mother to take him to the GP.

Age at interview 16

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 13

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Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)

White blood cells help us fight infection and disease. AML is a cancer of one of these white blood cells, the myeloid cells. The most common symptoms are feeling tired, bruising, being prone to infection and for some pain in their bones. The cause is not known.

Cancer of the bone

There a number of different types of bone cancer but the ones that young people are most likely to develop are osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma. We don’t know what causes them but do know that the bones that tend to be affected are the leg and arm bones and the pelvis. The most common symptoms are pain and/or swelling around the bone.

Two young people who were later diagnosed with osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma talked about what symptoms prompted them to go to their doctor.

The first symptoms he remembers are a massive cramp on his leg following by walking difficulties.

Age at interview 18

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 18

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She had a very bad pain in her shoulder.

Age at interview 21

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 16

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Soft tissue sarcomas

Soft tissue sarcomas are cancers of our supportive tissue which includes muscle, cartilage, fat cells and blood vessels. The areas of the body that they usually affected are the legs and arms, the chest, pelvis and the head and neck area. There are lots of different types but the ones that most commonly affect young people are rhabdomyosarcomas, synovial sarcomas and fibrosarcomas. The first symptom is usually a painless lump or swelling. The cause is unknown.

We talked to a few young people who had been diagnosed with a soft tissue sarcoma.

The first symptom he noticed was a painless lump in his neck.

Age at interview 21

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 16

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Testicular cancer

There are two main types: teratomas and seminomas; teratomas tend to affect younger men. The symptoms include a painless lump or swelling in the testicles.

Two young men interviewed for our Testicular cancer section talked about the signs and symptoms that prompted them to seek medical attention.

Said that he had a swollen testicle and a dull pain in the stomach area.

Age at interview 21

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 21

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Said that he found a lump in his testicle but did not experience any pain or discomfort.

Age at interview 21

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 15

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Other types of cancer

Occasionally cancer seems to have been discovered just ‘by chance’. A young woman who was later diagnosed with a very rare cancer (ganglio neuroblatoma) explained that her cancer was found when she was having her back problems investigated.

Had recurrent back problems after a car accident and her GP sent her for an X ray which revealed…

Age at interview 22

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 21

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Some cancers have symptoms that are hard to detect. For example, ovarian cancer can look like a stomach problem, irritable bowel syndrome (which is also called IBS) or gallstones.

Was thought to have IBS after she was infected by a parasite in Nepal, but it turned out to be…

Age at interview 23

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 19

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We also interviewed one young woman who was diagnosed with malignant melanoma (skin cancer).

Noticed the sudden appearance of a large mole behind her ear that itched and bled.

Age at interview 17

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 14

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Also see our sections on Ovarian, Cervical and Testicular cancer for more experiences and information.

Tips for others

  • If you have any of these symptoms ask for a check up, even though the chances are against it being cancer.
  • Keep a record of your symptoms (how long you have had them, how bad they are) so you can tell the doctor.
  • Talk to your doctor about further investigations (e.g. blood tests or X-rays) if you are worried.
  • Tell your doctor what you are worried about.

The information about symptoms has kindly been provided by Macmillan Cancer Support from their ‘Cancer info for teens and young adults’ section.

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